Njira zopangira acrylate reactive diluents makamaka zimaphatikizapo direct esterification, transesterification, acid chloride method, phase-transfer catalysis, ndi addition esterification. Komabe, zambiri zimapangidwa kudzera mu direct esterification.
(1) Kuzindikira Mwachindunji
CH₂=CHCOOH + ROH -chothandizira→ CH₂=CHCOOR + H₂O
Zinthu zoyambitsa matenda zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza matenda a esterification mwachindunji zimaphatikizapo asidi wokhuthala wa sulfuric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ndi methanesulfonic acid. Kugwiritsa ntchito asidi wokhuthala wa sulfuric acid ngati chothandizira kuchiza matenda nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa zotsatira zoyipa monga kutaya madzi m'thupi, kukhuthala, ndi kudziyeretsa kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zisamayende bwino, zimapangitsa kuti kuyeretsa kwa zinthu kukhale kovuta komanso kubwezeretsa zinthu zopangira, kusokoneza njira zochiritsira pambuyo pa chithandizo, komanso kuwononga ubwino wa zinthu pamene zikuwononga zida. Chifukwa chake, PTSA imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafakitale chifukwa cha ubwino wake, kuphatikizapo kufunika kochepa kwa mlingo, kutentha kochepa kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa, kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa zinthu, komanso khalidwe labwino la zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa. Mukamaliza kuchitapo kanthu, chothandizirachi chimatha kulekanitsidwa mosavuta ndi chinthucho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yogwirira ntchito ikhale yosavuta. Madzi omwe amapangidwa panthawi ya esterification reaction amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito azeotropic entrainer (chothandizira kuuma). Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi benzene, toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, ndi n-heptane, zomwe zimapanga azeotropes ndi madzi omwe amapangidwa kuti azitenge. Alkanes ndi okwera mtengo komanso osinthasintha kwambiri; xylene ili ndi malo otentha kwambiri; benzene ili ndi malo otentha otsika komanso osinthasintha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchira, ndipo imakhala ndi poizoni wambiri. Chifukwa chake, toluene nthawi zambiri imakondedwa ngati entrainer. Toluene ili ndi malo otentha a 110°C ndi malo otentha a azeotropic a azeotropic a 84°C; imasungunuka mosavuta panthawi yochotsa zosungunulira za vacuum distillation, kuonetsetsa kuti zichira bwino, poizoni wotsika kuposa benzene, komanso mtengo wotsika. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, malamulo okhudza zosungunulira za benzene-series mu zokutira, inki, ndi zomatira zapangitsa opanga ambiri kusiya toluene m'malo mwa zosungunulira zochokera ku alkane. Zoletsa kupanga ma polymer ziyenera kuyambitsidwa panthawi ya esterification kuti zisawononge polymerization ya acrylic acid monomer komanso acrylate product yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha izi. Zoletsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo mankhwala a phenolic (monga hydroquinone [HQ] ndi tert-butylhydroquinone [TBHQ]), mankhwala a amine (monga phenothiazine ndi p-phenylenediamine), ndi coordination complexes (monga copper dimethyldiethyldithiocarbamate ndi copper dibutyl dithiocarbamate), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekhapayekha kapena ngati njira yosakanikirana. Pa ma alkyl acrylates okwera, kusungunuka kwa madzi kungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Njirayi imachotsa kufunikira kwa entrainer ndikuchepetsa mlingo wofunikira wa ma catalyst ndi zoletsa. Pambuyo pa reflux reaction pa 110–120°C, kutaya madzi m'thupi kumachitika, ndipo acrylic acid yosasinthika ndi madzi otsala amachotsedwa kudzera mu vacuum distillation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma alkyl acrylates ambiri akhale oyera kwambiri komanso opindulitsa kwambiri.
(2) Kusintha kwa ma ester
CH₂=CHCOOCH₃ + ROH → CH₂=CHCOOR + CH₃OH
Pokonzekera ma alkyl acrylates apamwamba kapena ma acrylates ogwira ntchito kudzera mu transesterification, methyl acrylate nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa ngati chinthu choyambira cha alkyl ester yotsika. Chifukwa cha kuwira kwake kochepa (80°C), esterification iyenera kuchitika kutentha kotsika, zomwe zimatalikitsa nthawi yochitapo kanthu. Kuphatikiza apo, methanol yopangidwa ndi chinthucho imapanga azeotrope yokhala ndi methyl acrylate (kuwira 62–63°C), yomwe imanyamula methyl acrylate yogwira ntchito ndipo motero imachepetsa zokolola za ester yapamwamba. Methyl acrylate ndi ma acrylates apamwamba amakhala ndi copolymerization ndi homopolymerization, zomwe zimachepetsanso zokolola za ma acrylates apamwamba; motero, kuchuluka kwa zoletsa nthawi zambiri kumafunika. Chifukwa cha kuwerengera mtengo ndi zovuta pambuyo pa chithandizo, njira iyi sigwiritsidwanso ntchito pamalonda popanga ma alkyl acrylates apamwamba ndi ma acrylates ogwira ntchito.
(3) Njira ya Acid Chloride
CH₂=CHCOOH + SOCl₂ → CH₂=CHCOCl + HCl + CO₂
CH₂=CHCOCl + ROH → CH₂=CHCOOR + HCl
Njirayi imayamba ndi acrylic acid ndi thionyl chloride kuti ipange acryloyl chloride, yomwe kenako imadutsa mu esterification reaction ndi mowa. Sichifuna ma catalyst kapena etrainers. Chifukwa chakuti reaction imapitilira kutentha kochepa, kuwonjezera kwa ma polymerization inhibitors kumapewedwanso. Esterification imapitilira pafupifupi kuchuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zoyera kwambiri. Komabe, ndi njira ya magawo awiri yokhala ndi ndalama zambiri zopangira. Yankho limapanga kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa HCl ndi SO₂ gases, zomwe zimafuna njira zambiri zotsukira ndi alkaline solutions ndi madzi kuti zilowe.
(4) Kukonza kwa Gawo Losamutsa (PTC)
2CH₂=CH₃|C-COOH + Na₂CO₃ → 2CH₂=CH₃|C-COONA + CO₂ + H₂O
CH₂=CH₃|C-COONA + ClCH₂-CH₂O → CH₂=CH₃|C-COOCH₂-CH₂O + NaCl
Sodium methacrylate ilipo ngati yolimba, pomwe epichlorohydrin ndi madzi. Ngati palibe chothandizira, kusinthana pakati pawo kumakhala kochedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito chothandizira kusintha gawo (PTC). Zothandizira kusintha gawo zoyenera zimaphatikizapo mchere wa quaternary ammonium, mchere wa quaternary phosphonium, ndi ma ether a korona. Mchere wa quaternary ammonium ndi womwe umapezeka kwambiri, monga cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTMAC), ndi tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC). Kupezeka kwa chinyezi mu dongosolo la reaction kumayambitsa zotsatira zoyipa; chifukwa chake, kuti muwongolere zokolola, zopangira ndi dongosolo la reaction ziyenera kusungidwa mopanda madzi komanso zouma.
(5) Kuonjezera Esterification
CH₂=R₁|C-COOH + CH₂-CH₂O-R₂ → CH₂=R₁|C-COO-CH₂-OH|CH₂-R₂
Mwa kulowetsa ethylene oxide kapena propylene oxide mwachindunji mu (meth)acrylic acid pamaso pa chothandizira, kuwonjezeredwa kwa mphete kumachitika, kupanga ma hydroxy (meth)acrylates (monga HEA, HEMA, HPA, kapena HPMA). 
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-10-2026
