Nthunzi ya Mercury, diode yotulutsa kuwala (LED), ndi excimer ndi ukadaulo wosiyana wa nyali zoyeretsera kuwala kwa UV. Ngakhale kuti zonse zitatuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera kuwala kwa UV kuti zigwirizane ndi inki, zokutira, zomatira, ndi zotulutsira, njira zomwe zimapanga mphamvu ya UV yowala, komanso mawonekedwe a mphamvu yofanana ya spectral, ndizosiyana kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupanga, kusankha magwero oyeretsera kuwala kwa UV, ndi kuphatikiza.
Nyali za nthunzi za Mercury
Ma nyali onse a electrode arc ndi nyali za microwave zopanda ma electrode zili m'gulu la nthunzi ya mercury. Ma nyali a mercury vapor ndi mtundu wa nyali zotulutsa mpweya zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yapakati, momwe mercury yochepa ndi mpweya wosagwira ntchito zimasandutsidwa nthunzi kukhala plasma mkati mwa chubu chotsekedwa cha quartz. Plasma ndi mpweya wotentha kwambiri womwe ungathe kuyendetsa magetsi. Umapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pakati pa ma electrode awiri mkati mwa nyali ya arc kapena mwa kuyika nyali yopanda ma electrode mkati mwa khola kapena m'chimbudzi chofanana ndi uvuni wa microwave wapakhomo. Akasandutsidwa nthunzi, plasma ya mercury imatulutsa kuwala kwapadera kudutsa mafunde a ultraviolet, owoneka, ndi infrared.
Pankhani ya nyali yamagetsi, magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito amapatsa mphamvu chubu cha quartz chotsekedwa. Mphamvu imeneyi imasandutsa mercury kukhala plasma ndikutulutsa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku ma atomu opukutidwa. Gawo la ma elekitironi (-) limapita ku electrode kapena anode (+) ya nyaliyo ndikulowa mu circuit yamagetsi ya UV system. Ma atomu omwe ali ndi ma elekitironi atsopano omwe akusowa amakhala ma cations (+) omwe amayendera ku electrode kapena cathode (-) ya nyaliyo yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zoyipa. Pamene akuyenda, ma cations amagunda ma atomu osalowerera mu chisakanizo cha mpweya. Kugundako kumasamutsa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku ma atomu osalowerera kupita ku ma cations. Pamene ma cations akupeza ma elekitironi, amatsika kukhala mphamvu yochepa. Kusiyana kwa mphamvu kumatulutsidwa ngati ma photon omwe amatuluka kunja kuchokera ku chubu cha quartz. Ngati nyaliyo ili ndi mphamvu yoyenera, yoziziritsidwa bwino, ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa moyo wake wothandiza, ma cations atsopano (+) amakokedwa ku electrode kapena cathode (-), akugunda ma atomu ambiri ndikupanga kuwala kwa UV kosalekeza. Nyali za microwave zimagwira ntchito mofananamo kupatula kuti ma microwave, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ma radio frequency (RF), amalowa m'malo mwa magetsi. Popeza nyali za microwave zilibe ma electrode a tungsten ndipo ndi chubu cha quartz chotsekedwa chokhala ndi mercury ndi mpweya wosagwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa opanda ma electrode.
Mphamvu ya UV yochokera ku nyali za mercury zothamanga kwambiri kapena zothamanga kwambiri imadutsa mafunde a ultraviolet, visible, ndi infrared, pafupifupi mofanana. Gawo la ultraviolet limaphatikizapo kusakaniza kwa mafunde a UVC (200 mpaka 280 nm), UVB (280 mpaka 315 nm), UVA (315 mpaka 400 nm), ndi UVV (400 mpaka 450 nm). Nyali zomwe zimatulutsa UVC m'mafunde osakwana 240 nm zimapanga ozoni ndipo zimafuna utsi kapena kusefedwa.
Mphamvu ya kuwala kwa mercury vapor lamp ikhoza kusinthidwa powonjezera zinthu zochepa monga: chitsulo (Fe), gallium (Ga), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), kapena indium (In). Zitsulo zowonjezera zimasintha kapangidwe ka plasma ndipo, motero, mphamvu zomwe zimatulutsidwa pamene ma cations apeza ma elekitironi. Nyali zokhala ndi zitsulo zowonjezera zimatchedwa doped, additive, ndi metal halide. Ma inki ambiri opangidwa ndi UV, zokutira, zomatira, ndi zotulutsira zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi mphamvu ya nyali zokhazikika za mercury- (Hg) kapena iron- (Fe). Nyali zopangidwa ndi iron zimasuntha gawo la mphamvu ya UV kukhala ma wavelengths ataliatali, owoneka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zilowe bwino kudzera mu njira zokhuthala, zofiirira kwambiri. Mitundu ya UV yokhala ndi titanium dioxide nthawi zambiri imachira bwino ndi nyali zopangidwa ndi gallium (GA). Izi zili choncho chifukwa nyali za gallium zimasuntha gawo lalikulu la mphamvu ya UV kupita ku ma wavelengths ataliatali kuposa 380 nm. Popeza zowonjezera za titanium dioxide nthawi zambiri sizimayamwa kuwala kopitilira 380 nm, kugwiritsa ntchito nyali za gallium zokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera kumalola mphamvu zambiri za UV kuti zilowerere ndi ma photoinitiators m'malo mwa zowonjezera.
Ma Spectral profiles amapereka ma formulators ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a momwe radiation output ya kapangidwe ka nyali inayake imagawidwira pa electromagnetic spectrum. Ngakhale kuti mercury yotenthedwa ndi zitsulo zowonjezera zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika bwino a radiation, kusakaniza kolondola kwa zinthu ndi mpweya wosagwira ntchito mkati mwa chubu cha quartz pamodzi ndi kapangidwe ka nyali ndi kapangidwe ka makina ochiritsira zonse zimakhudza kutulutsa kwa UV. Kutulutsa kwa spectral kwa nyali yosalumikizidwa yoyendetsedwa ndi kuyezedwa ndi wogulitsa nyali mumlengalenga kudzakhala ndi kutulutsa kosiyana kwa spectral kuposa nyali yoyikidwa mkati mwa mutu wa nyali yokhala ndi reflector yokonzedwa bwino komanso yozizira. Ma Spectral profiles amapezeka mosavuta kuchokera kwa ogulitsa ma UV system, ndipo ndi othandiza popanga mapangidwe ndi kusankha nyali.
Chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha spectral chikuwonetsa kuwala kwa spectral pa y-axis ndi wavelength pa x-axis. Kuwala kwa spectral kumatha kuwonetsedwa m'njira zingapo kuphatikiza mtengo wokwanira (monga W/cm2/nm) kapena muyeso wokhazikika, wachibale, kapena wokhazikika (wopanda unit). Ma profiles nthawi zambiri amawonetsa chidziwitsocho ngati tchati cha mzere kapena tchati cha bar chomwe chimagawika m'magulu a 10 nm. Chithunzi chotsatira cha mercury arc lamp spectral output chikuwonetsa kuwala koyerekeza poyerekeza ndi wavelength ya machitidwe a GEW (Chithunzi 1).
CHITHUNZI 1 »Ma chart a Spectral output a mercury ndi iron.
Nyali ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza chubu cha quartz chotulutsa UV ku Europe ndi Asia, pomwe North ndi South America amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza kwa babu ndi nyali komwe kumasinthasintha. Nyali ndi mutu wa nyali zonse zimatanthauza kusonkhana kwathunthu komwe kumakhala chubu cha quartz ndi zida zina zonse zamakanika ndi zamagetsi.
Nyali za Arc za Electrode
Makina a nyali za arc a electrode amakhala ndi mutu wa nyali, fan yoziziritsira kapena choziziritsira, magetsi, ndi mawonekedwe a munthu ndi makina (HMI). Mutu wa nyali umaphatikizapo nyali (babu), chowunikira, chivundikiro chachitsulo kapena nyumba, chowunikira, ndipo nthawi zina zenera la quartz kapena choteteza waya. GEW imayika machubu ake a quartz, zowunikira, ndi makina a shutter mkati mwa ma cassette omwe amatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta kuchokera ku chivundikiro chakunja cha nyali kapena nyumba. Kuchotsa kaseti ya GEW nthawi zambiri kumachitika mkati mwa masekondi pogwiritsa ntchito wrench imodzi ya Allen. Chifukwa kutulutsa kwa UV, kukula ndi mawonekedwe a mutu wa nyali, mawonekedwe a makina, ndi zosowa zina za zida zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso msika, makina a nyali za arc a electrode nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'gulu linalake la mapulogalamu kapena mitundu yofanana ya makina.
Ma nyali a Mercury vapor amatulutsa kuwala kwa 360° kuchokera ku chubu cha quartz. Makina a nyali za Arc amagwiritsa ntchito ma reflector omwe ali m'mbali ndi kumbuyo kwa nyali kuti agwire ndikuwunikira kuwala kwambiri pa mtunda winawake patsogolo pa mutu wa nyali. Mtunda uwu umadziwika kuti focus ndipo ndi komwe kuwala kumakhala kwakukulu. Ma nyali a Arc nthawi zambiri amatulutsa pakati pa 5 mpaka 12 W/cm2 pa focus. Popeza pafupifupi 70% ya mphamvu ya UV kuchokera ku mutu wa nyali imachokera ku reflector, ndikofunikira kusunga ma reflector oyera ndikuwasintha nthawi ndi nthawi. Kusatsuka kapena kusintha ma reflector ndi chifukwa chomwe nthawi zambiri chimalepheretsa kuchira bwino.
Kwa zaka zoposa 30, GEW yakhala ikukonza magwiridwe antchito a makina ake ochiritsira, kusintha mawonekedwe ndi zotulutsa kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za mapulogalamu ndi misika inayake, ndikupanga zinthu zambiri zophatikizira. Zotsatira zake, zopereka zamalonda zamasiku ano kuchokera ku GEW zikuphatikizapo mapangidwe a nyumba zazing'ono, zowunikira zomwe zimapangidwa kuti ziwonetse bwino UV komanso infrared yocheperako, njira zotsekera zokhazikika, masiketi awebusayiti ndi malo otseguka, kudyetsa mawebusayiti a clam-shell, kuletsa kwa nayitrogeni, mitu yolimbikitsidwa bwino, mawonekedwe a opareshoni ya touch-screen, magetsi olimba, magwiridwe antchito abwino, kuyang'anira kutulutsa kwa UV, ndi kuwunika kwa makina akutali.
Pamene nyali za electrode zapakati-kupanikizika zikugwira ntchito, kutentha kwa pamwamba pa quartz kumakhala pakati pa 600 °C ndi 800 °C, ndipo kutentha kwa mkati mwa plasma kumakhala madigiri centigrade zikwi zingapo. Mpweya wokakamizidwa ndiye njira yayikulu yosungira kutentha koyenera kwa nyali ndikuchotsa mphamvu zina za infrared zomwe zimayatsidwa. GEW imapereka mpweyawu molakwika; izi zikutanthauza kuti mpweya umakokedwa kudzera mu casing, motsatira chowunikira ndi nyali, ndikuchotsa cholumikiziracho ndi kutali ndi makina kapena malo oyeretsera. Makina ena a GEW monga E4C amagwiritsa ntchito kuziziritsa kwamadzimadzi, komwe kumapangitsa kuti UV ituluke pang'ono ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa mutu wonse wa nyali.
Nyali za arc ya electrode zimakhala ndi ma cycle otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa. Nyali zimaziritsidwa pang'ono. Izi zimathandiza kuti mercury plasma ikwere kufika pa kutentha komwe ikufunika, kupanga ma electron ndi ma cations aulere, ndikulola kuti magetsi aziyenda bwino. Mutu wa nyali ukazimitsidwa, kuziziritsa kumapitirirabe kwa mphindi zochepa kuti kuziritse chubu cha quartz mofanana. Nyali yotentha kwambiri sidzagwedezekanso ndipo iyenera kupitiriza kuzizira. Kutalika kwa cycle yoyambira ndi kuziziritsa, komanso kuwonongeka kwa ma electrode panthawi iliyonse yogunda magetsi ndichifukwa chake njira zotsekera mpweya nthawi zonse zimaphatikizidwa mu ma assemblies a nyali za arc ya GEW electrode. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa nyali za arc za electrode zoziziritsidwa ndi mpweya (E2C) ndi zamadzimadzi zoziziritsidwa ndi madzi (E4C).
CHITHUNZI 2 »Nyali zoziziritsa madzi (E4C) ndi nyali zoziziritsa mpweya (E2C) zama electrode.
Nyali za LED za UV
Ma semi-conductor ndi zinthu zolimba, zopangidwa ndi makristalo zomwe zimayenda bwino pang'ono. Magetsi amadutsa mu semi-conductor bwino kuposa insulator, koma osati bwino ngati chitsulo. Ma semi-conductor omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe koma osagwira ntchito bwino amaphatikizapo zinthu monga silicon, germanium, ndi selenium. Ma semi-conductor opangidwa mwachilengedwe omwe amapangidwira kutulutsa ndi kugwira ntchito bwino ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zosafunika zomwe zimalowetsedwa bwino mkati mwa kapangidwe ka kristalo. Pankhani ya ma LED a UV, aluminiyamu gallium nitride (AlGaN) ndi chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Ma semi-conductor ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa zamagetsi amakono ndipo amapangidwa kuti apange ma transistors, ma diode, ma diode otulutsa kuwala, ndi ma micro-processor. Zipangizo za semi-conductor zimaphatikizidwa mu ma circuit amagetsi ndikuyikidwa mkati mwa zinthu monga mafoni am'manja, ma laputopu, mapiritsi, zida zamagetsi, ndege, magalimoto, zowongolera kutali, komanso zoseweretsa za ana. Zigawo zazing'ono koma zamphamvuzi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku zizigwira ntchito bwino komanso zimalola zinthu kukhala zazing'ono, zopyapyala, zolemera pang'ono, komanso zotsika mtengo.
Pankhani yapadera ya ma LED, zinthu zopangidwa bwino komanso zopangidwa ndi semi-conductor zimatulutsa kuwala kopapatiza pang'ono zikalumikizidwa ku gwero lamagetsi la DC. Kuwala kumeneku kumapangidwa pokhapokha ngati mphamvu ikuyenda kuchokera ku anode yabwino (+) kupita ku cathode yoyipa (-) ya LED iliyonse. Popeza kutulutsa kwa LED kumayendetsedwa mwachangu komanso mosavuta komanso kofanana ndi monochromatic, ma LED ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga: magetsi owonetsa; zizindikiro zolumikizirana za infrared; kuwala kwa ma TV, ma laputopu, mapiritsi, ndi mafoni anzeru; zizindikiro zamagetsi, ma boardboard, ndi ma jumbotron; ndi UV curing.
LED ndi malo olumikizirana pakati pa positive-negative (pn junction). Izi zikutanthauza kuti gawo limodzi la LED lili ndi positive charge ndipo limatchedwa anode (+), ndipo gawo lina lili ndi negative charge ndipo limatchedwa cathode (-). Ngakhale kuti mbali zonse ziwiri zimakhala ndi conductive, malire a junction komwe mbali ziwirizi zimakumana, omwe amadziwika kuti depletion zone, si conductive. Pamene positive (+) terminal ya direct current (DC) power source ilumikizidwa ku anode (+) ya LED, ndipo negative (-) terminal ya source ilumikizidwa ku cathode (-), ma electron omwe ali ndi negative charge mu cathode ndi ma electron vacancies omwe ali ndi positive charge mu anode amakankhidwa ndi power source ndikukankhidwira ku depletion zone. Iyi ndi forward bias, ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zogonjetsa malire osayendetsa. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti ma free electron m'dera la n-type amadutsa ndikudzaza ma vacancies m'dera la p-type. Pamene ma electron akuyenda kudutsa malire, amasintha kukhala mkhalidwe wa mphamvu zochepa. Kutsika kwa mphamvu kumatulutsidwa kuchokera ku semi-conductor ngati ma photon a kuwala.
Zipangizo ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga kapangidwe ka LED koyera ndizomwe zimatsimikizira kutulutsa kwa spectral. Masiku ano, magwero ochiritsira a LED omwe amapezeka m'masitolo ali ndi kutulutsa kwa ultraviolet komwe kumakhala pakati pa 365, 385, 395, ndi 405 nm, komwe kumakhala kolekerera kwa ±5 nm, komanso kufalikira kwa spectral ya Gaussian. Kuwala kwa spectral komwe kumakhala kwakukulu (W/cm2/nm), kumakhala kokwera kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti kukula kwa UVC kukupitirira pakati pa 275 ndi 285 nm, kutulutsa, moyo, kudalirika, ndi mtengo wake sizikugwira ntchito bwino pamakina ndi ntchito zochiritsira.
Popeza mphamvu ya UV-LED pakadali pano imangokhala ndi mafunde aatali a UVA, njira yoyeretsera UV-LED siimatulutsa mphamvu ya broadband spectral yomwe imadziwika ndi nyali za mercury vapor zapakati. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira zoyeretsera UV-LED sizitulutsa UVC, UVB, kuwala kowoneka bwino, ndi mafunde a infrared opanga kutentha. Ngakhale izi zimathandiza kuti njira zoyeretsera UV-LED zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha, inki zomwe zilipo, zokutira, ndi zomatira zopangidwa ndi nyali za mercury zapakati ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi njira zoyeretsera UV-LED. Mwamwayi, ogulitsa mankhwala akupanga zinthu zambiri ngati njira zoyeretsera kawiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yoyeretsera kawiri yomwe imapangidwira kuti ichiritse ndi nyali ya UV-LED idzachiritsanso ndi nyali ya mercury vapor (Chithunzi 3).
CHITHUNZI 3 »Tchati cha zotulutsa za Spectral za LED.
Makina oyeretsera a UV-LED a GEW amatulutsa mpaka 30 W/cm2 pawindo lotulutsa. Mosiyana ndi nyali za electrode arc, makina oyeretsera a UV-LED sagwiritsa ntchito zowunikira zomwe zimatsogolera kuwala ku chinthu chokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, kuwala kwa UV-LED kumachitika pafupi ndi zenera lotulutsa. Ma radiation a UV-LED omwe amatulutsidwa amasiyana wina ndi mnzake pamene mtunda pakati pa mutu wa nyali ndi pamwamba pa chotsukira ukuwonjezeka. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwala ndi kukula kwa kuwala komwe kumafika pamwamba pa chotsukira. Ngakhale kuwala kwa pamwamba ndikofunikira pakulumikizana, kuwala kowonjezereka sikuli kopindulitsa nthawi zonse ndipo kumatha kuletsa kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa crosslinking. Kutalika kwa mafunde (nm), kuwala (W/cm2) ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu (J/cm2) zonse zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuchiritsa, ndipo zotsatira zake zonse pa kuchiritsa ziyenera kumvedwa bwino posankha gwero la UV-LED.
Ma LED ndi magwero a Lambertian. Mwanjira ina, LED iliyonse ya UV imatulutsa mphamvu yofanana kutsogolo kudutsa gawo lonse la 360° x 180°. Ma LED ambiri a UV, aliwonse okhala ndi sikweya ya millimeter, amakonzedwa mu mzere umodzi, mzere wa mizere ndi mizati, kapena mawonekedwe ena. Ma subassemblies awa, omwe amadziwika kuti ma module kapena ma arrays, amapangidwa ndi mipata pakati pa ma LED omwe amatsimikizira kusakanikirana pakati pa mipata ndikuthandizira kuziziritsa kwa diode. Ma module kapena ma arrays angapo amakonzedwa m'magulu akuluakulu kuti apange kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa machitidwe ochiritsira a UV (Zithunzi 4 ndi 5). Zina zomwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale dongosolo lochiritsira la UV-LED ndi monga heat sink, emit window, electronic drivers, DC power supplies, liquid cooling system kapena chiller, ndi human machine interface (HMI).
CHITHUNZI 4 »Dongosolo la LeoLED la intaneti.
CHITHUNZI 5 »Dongosolo la LeoLED lokhazikitsa nyali zambiri mwachangu kwambiri.
Popeza makina oyeretsera a UV-LED samatulutsa mafunde a infrared. Mwachibadwa amasamutsa mphamvu zochepa za kutentha pamwamba pa makina oyeretsera kuposa nyali za mercury vapor, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti ma LED a UV ayenera kuonedwa ngati ukadaulo woyeretsera ozizira. Makina oyeretsera a UV-LED amatha kutulutsa kuwala kwapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo mafunde a ultraviolet ndi mtundu wa mphamvu. Chotuluka chilichonse chomwe sichingalowe mu chemistry chidzatentha gawo la pansi kapena substrate komanso zigawo zozungulira makina.
Ma LED a UV ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe sizigwira ntchito bwino chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka semi-conductor komanso kupanga komanso njira zopangira ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika ma LED mu unit yayikulu yophikira. Ngakhale kutentha kwa chubu cha mercury vapor quartz kuyenera kusungidwa pakati pa 600 ndi 800 °C panthawi yogwira ntchito, kutentha kwa LED pn junction kuyenera kukhala pansi pa 120 °C. 35-50% yokha yamagetsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito UV-LED array amasinthidwa kukhala ultraviolet output (yodalira kwambiri kutalika kwa mafunde). Zotsalazo zimasinthidwa kukhala kutentha kwa kutentha komwe kuyenera kuchotsedwa kuti kutentha kwa junction komwe kukufunika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti makinawo akuwalira, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, ndi kufanana, komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali. Ma LED ndi zida zolimba zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali, ndipo kuphatikiza ma LED m'magulu akuluakulu ndi makina ozizira opangidwa bwino komanso osamalidwa bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za nthawi yayitali. Si makina onse ophikira UV omwe ali ofanana, ndipo makina ophikira UV-LED opangidwa molakwika komanso ozizira ali ndi mwayi waukulu wotentha kwambiri ndikulephera kwambiri.
Nyali Zosakanikirana za Arc/LED
Mumsika uliwonse komwe ukadaulo watsopano umalowetsedwa m'malo mwa ukadaulo womwe ulipo, pakhoza kukhala mantha okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kukayikira magwiridwe antchito. Ogwiritsa ntchito omwe angakhalepo nthawi zambiri amachedwetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mpaka maziko okhazikika apangidwe, maphunziro amilandu amasindikizidwa, maumboni abwino amayamba kufalikira mochuluka, ndipo/kapena amapeza chidziwitso kapena maumboni kuchokera kwa anthu ndi makampani omwe amawadziwa ndikuwadalira. Umboni wolimba nthawi zambiri umafunika msika wonse usanasiye kwathunthu kusintha kwakale ndi kwatsopano. Sizithandiza kuti nkhani zopambana zimakhala zinsinsi zolimba chifukwa omwe akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito safuna kuti opikisana nawo apeze phindu lofanana. Zotsatira zake, nkhani zenizeni komanso zokokomeza za kukhumudwa nthawi zina zimatha kumveka pamsika wonse zomwe zimabisa zabwino zenizeni za ukadaulo watsopano ndikuchedwetsa kugwiritsa ntchito.
M'mbiri yonse, komanso monga chotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito monyinyirika, mapangidwe osakanizidwa nthawi zambiri akhala akuonedwa ngati mlatho wosinthira pakati pa ukadaulo wakale ndi watsopano. Ma hybrid amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala ndi chidaliro ndikudzisankhira okha momwe ndi nthawi yomwe zinthu kapena njira zatsopano ziyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito, popanda kuwononga mphamvu zomwe zilipo. Pankhani ya kuchiritsa kwa UV, dongosolo losakanikirana limalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusinthana mwachangu komanso mosavuta pakati pa nyali za nthunzi za mercury ndi ukadaulo wa LED. Pa mizere yokhala ndi malo ambiri ochiritsira, ma hybrid amalola makina osindikizira kuti aziyendetsa 100% LED, 100% mercury nthunzi, kapena kusakaniza kulikonse kwa ukadaulo awiriwa komwe kumafunika pa ntchito inayake.
GEW imapereka machitidwe a arc/LED hybrid a ma web converters. Yankholi linapangidwa kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito pa msika waukulu kwambiri wa GEW, koma kapangidwe ka hybrid kamagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mawebusayiti ena komanso osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Chithunzi 6). Arc/LED ili ndi nyumba yolumikizira nyali yomwe imatha kukhala ndi nthunzi ya mercury kapena kaseti ya LED. Makaseti onsewa amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi zowongolera zonse. Luntha mkati mwa dongosololi limalola kusiyanitsa mitundu ya makaseti ndipo limapereka mphamvu, kuziziritsa, ndi mawonekedwe oyenera a wogwiritsa ntchito. Kuchotsa kapena kukhazikitsa makaseti a mercury kapena LED a GEW nthawi zambiri kumachitika mkati mwa masekondi pogwiritsa ntchito wrench imodzi ya Allen.
CHITHUNZI 6 »Dongosolo la Arc/LED la intaneti.
Nyali za Excimer
Nyali za Excimer ndi mtundu wa nyali zotulutsa mpweya zomwe zimatulutsa mphamvu ya ultraviolet yofanana ndi monochromatic. Ngakhale nyali za excimer zimapezeka m'mafunde osiyanasiyana, mphamvu ya ultraviolet yodziwika bwino imakhala pakati pa 172, 222, 308, ndi 351 nm. Nyali za excimer za 172-nm zimakhala mkati mwa gulu la UV lopanda vacuum (100 mpaka 200 nm), pomwe 222 nm ndi UVC yokha (200 mpaka 280 nm). Nyali za excimer za 308-nm zimatulutsa UVB (280 mpaka 315 nm), ndipo 351 nm ndi UVA yolimba (315 mpaka 400 nm).
Mafunde a UV a vacuum cleaner a 172-nm ndi afupiafupi ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa UVC; komabe, amavutika kulowa mozama kwambiri mu zinthu. Ndipotu, mafunde a 172-nm amalowa kwathunthu mkati mwa 10 mpaka 200 nm yapamwamba ya UV-formulated chemistry. Zotsatira zake, nyali za excimer za 172-nm zimangolumikiza pamwamba pa UV formulations ndipo ziyenera kuphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi zipangizo zina zophikira. Popeza mafunde a UV a vacuum cleaner amalowanso ndi mpweya, nyali za excimer za 172-nm ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumlengalenga wodzazidwa ndi nayitrogeni.
Nyali zambiri zoyezera magetsi zimakhala ndi chubu cha quartz chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga cha dielectric. Chubucho chimadzazidwa ndi mpweya wosowa womwe ungathe kupanga mamolekyu a excimer kapena exciplex (Chithunzi 7). Mpweya wosiyanasiyana umapanga mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, ndipo mamolekyu osiyanasiyana oyezera magetsi amatsimikiza kutalika kwa mafunde komwe kumachokera ndi nyali. Electrode yamagetsi okwera imayenda mkati mwa chubu cha quartz, ndipo maelekyu apansi amayenda kunja. Ma voltage amalowetsedwa mu nyali pama frequency apamwamba. Izi zimapangitsa ma elekyuluni kuyenda mkati mwa electrode yamkati ndikutulutsa kudzera mu chisakanizo cha mpweya kupita ku maelekyulu akunja apansi. Chochitika chasayansi ichi chimadziwika kuti dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Pamene ma elekyuluni akuyenda kudzera mu mpweya, amalumikizana ndi ma atomu ndikupanga mitundu yamphamvu kapena ionized yomwe imapanga mamolekyu a excimer kapena exciplex. Mamolekyu a excimer ndi exciplex amakhala ndi moyo waufupi kwambiri, ndipo akamawola kuchokera ku mkhalidwe wosangalala kupita ku mkhalidwe wapansi, ma photon a kugawa kwa quasi-monochromatic amatulutsidwa.
CHITHUNZI 7 »Nyali ya Excimer
Mosiyana ndi nyali za mercury vapor, pamwamba pa chubu cha quartz cha nyali ya excimer sipatentha. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nyali zambiri za excimer zimagwira ntchito yoziziritsa pang'ono kapena yopanda kuzizira. Nthawi zina, kuziziritsa kochepa kumafunika komwe nthawi zambiri kumabwera ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni. Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nyali, nyali za excimer zimayikidwa nthawi yomweyo 'ON/OFF' ndipo sizifuna nthawi zonse zotenthetsera kapena kuziziritsa.
Pamene nyali za excimer zomwe zimawala pa 172 nm ziphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi makina oyeretsera a UVA-LED omwe ali ndi quasi-monochromatic komanso nyali za mercury vapor za broadband, zotsatira za matting surface zimapangidwa. Nyali za UVA LED zimayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa chemistry. Nyali za excimer zomwe zili ndi quasi-monochromatic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa pamwamba, ndipo pomaliza nyali za mercury zomwe zili ndi broadband zimalumikiza chemistry yonse. Zotsatira zapadera za matekinoloje atatuwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyana zimapereka zotsatira zabwino zowunikira komanso zogwira ntchito zoyeretsa pamwamba zomwe sizingapezeke ndi magwero aliwonse a UV okha.
Mafunde a Excimer a 172 ndi 222 nm nawonso ndi othandiza powononga zinthu zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi mabakiteriya owopsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyali za excimer zikhale zothandiza poyeretsa pamwamba, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso pochiza mphamvu za pamwamba.
Moyo wa Nyali
Ponena za nthawi ya nyali kapena babu, nyali za GEW nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi maola 2,000. Nthawi ya moyo wa nyali si yeniyeni, chifukwa mphamvu ya UV imachepa pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi ndipo imakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe ndi ubwino wa nyali, komanso momwe makina a UV amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zinthuzo zimagwirira ntchito. Makina a UV opangidwa bwino amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ndi kuziziritsa koyenera komwe kumafunikira ndi kapangidwe ka nyali (babu) inayake kumaperekedwa.
Ma nyali (mababu) omwe amaperekedwa ndi GEW nthawi zonse amakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri akagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina oyeretsera a GEW. Magwero ena operekera nyali nthawi zambiri amasinthira nyaliyo kuchokera ku chitsanzo, ndipo makopewo sangakhale ndi malekezero ofanana, mainchesi a quartz, kuchuluka kwa mercury, kapena kusakaniza kwa mpweya, zomwe zonse zingakhudze kutulutsa kwa UV ndi kupanga kutentha. Pamene kupanga kutentha sikuli bwino motsutsana ndi kuzizira kwa makina, nyaliyo imavutika kutulutsa ndi kukhala ndi moyo. Nyali zomwe zimayenda mozizira zimatulutsa UV yochepa. Nyali zomwe zimayenda motentha kwambiri sizimakhala nthawi yayitali ndipo zimapindika kutentha kwambiri.
Moyo wa nyali za arc ya electrode umachepetsedwa ndi kutentha kwa nyali, kuchuluka kwa maola ogwirira ntchito, ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yoyambira kapena kugogoda. Nthawi iliyonse nyali ikagundidwa ndi arc yamagetsi amphamvu panthawi yoyatsa, electrode ya tungsten imatha. Pomaliza pake, nyaliyo sidzagogodanso. Nyali za arc ya electrode zimakhala ndi njira zotsekera zomwe, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito, zimatseka kutulutsa kwa UV m'malo mongoyendetsa mphamvu ya nyali mobwerezabwereza. Inki zambiri zogwira ntchito, zokutira, ndi zomatira zingapangitse kuti nyali ikhale ndi moyo wautali; pomwe, njira zochepa zogwirira ntchito zingafunike kusintha nyali pafupipafupi.
Makina a UV-LED amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa nyali wamba, koma moyo wa UV-LED nawonso si wokhazikika. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nyali wamba, ma LED a UV ali ndi malire pa momwe angayendetsedwere mwamphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri ayenera kugwira ntchito kutentha kwa magetsi pansi pa 120 °C. Ma LED oyenda mopitirira muyeso ndi ma LED osazizira bwino amawononga moyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwonongeka mwachangu kapena kulephera kwakukulu. Sikuti ogulitsa onse a UV-LED pakadali pano amapereka mapangidwe omwe amakwaniritsa nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhazikika yopitilira maola 20,000. Makina opangidwa bwino komanso osamalidwa bwino amatenga maola opitilira 20,000, ndipo makina otsika mtengo adzalephera mkati mwa mawindo afupiafupi. Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti mapangidwe a makina a LED akupitilizabe kusintha ndikukhala nthawi yayitali ndi kapangidwe kalikonse.
Ozon
Pamene mafunde afupiafupi a UVC akhudza mamolekyu a okosijeni (O2), amachititsa kuti mamolekyu a okosijeni (O2) agawikane kukhala maatomu awiri a okosijeni (O2). Maatomu a okosijeni (O) aulere amagundana ndi mamolekyu ena a okosijeni (O2) ndikupanga ozone (O3). Popeza kuti trioxygen (O3) siikhazikika bwino pansi kuposa dioxygen (O2), ozone imabwerera mosavuta ku molekyulu ya okosijeni (O2) ndi atomu ya okosijeni (O) pamene ikuyenda mumlengalenga. Maatomu a okosijeni (O2) aulere amalumikizananso mkati mwa makina otulutsa mpweya kuti apange mamolekyu a okosijeni (O2).
Pa ntchito zoyeretsera UV m'mafakitale, ozone (O3) imapangidwa pamene mpweya wozizira umagwirizana ndi mafunde a ultraviolet pansi pa 240 nm. Magwero oyeretsera nthunzi ya mercury a Broadband amatulutsa UVC pakati pa 200 ndi 280 nm, yomwe imadutsa gawo la dera lopanga ozone, ndipo nyali zoyeretsera zimatulutsa UV yoyera pa 172 nm kapena UVC pa 222 nm. Ozone yopangidwa ndi nthunzi ya mercury ndi nyali zoyeretsera za excimer ndi yosakhazikika ndipo si vuto lalikulu pa chilengedwe, koma ndikofunikira kuti ichotsedwe pamalo omwe ali pafupi ndi ogwira ntchito chifukwa ndi yokwiyitsa kupuma komanso yoopsa kwambiri. Popeza makina oyeretsera a UV-LED amalonda amatulutsa UVA pakati pa 365 ndi 405 nm, ozone sipangidwa.
Ozone ili ndi fungo lofanana ndi fungo la chitsulo, waya woyaka, chlorine, ndi mphezi yamagetsi. Ma fungo a anthu amatha kuzindikira ozone kuyambira 0.01 mpaka 0.03 pa milioni (ppm). Ngakhale kuti zimasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa munthu ndi ntchito yake, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woposa 0.4 ppm kungayambitse mavuto aakulu opuma komanso mutu. Mpweya wabwino uyenera kuyikidwa pamizere yoyeretsera UV kuti antchito asamavutike ndi ozone.
Makina oyeretsera UV nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti azisunga mpweya wotulutsa utsi pamene ukutuluka m'mitu ya nyali kuti uzitha kutulutsidwa kutali ndi ogwiritsa ntchito komanso kunja kwa nyumbayo komwe umawonongeka mwachilengedwe chifukwa cha mpweya ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Kapenanso, nyali zopanda ozoni zimakhala ndi chowonjezera cha quartz chomwe chimatseka mafunde opanga ozoni, ndipo malo omwe akufuna kupewa kutsekereza kapena kudula mabowo padenga nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zosefera potulukira kwa mafani otulutsa utsi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-19-2024
